The Effects of Ph and Concentration Levels on Catecholase free essay sample

Abstract This lab was performed in order to discover the activity of the enzyme catecholase in different pH levels as well as its absorbance in differently concentrated solutions. A spetrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of the enzyme catecholase in different pH solutions as well as to measure the absorbance of catecholase in solutions with different concentrations of potato juice and phosphate buffers. Absorbance of the enzyme catecholase was at an optimum level when pH was close to neutral. When pH was acidic or basic, the catecholase was less effective. Also, when there was a higher concentration of potato juice and a lower concentration of phosphate buffer, absorbance of the enzyme increased. Introduction According to Edmund J. Stellwag, in his article  Enzyme an enzyme is â€Å"a catalytic protein produced by living cells. † Enzymes function as catalysts by lowering the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. â€Å"Enzymes already have a wide range of applications, including chemical synthesis, biodegradation of harmful chemicals, environmental and medical diagnostics, medical therapeutics, food manufacturing, detergents, and agriculture† (Kuchner). We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Ph and Concentration Levels on Catecholase or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because enzymes are biological molecules, changes in pH can greatly change their effectivity in chemical reactions. A change in the concentration of enzymes in a given area can also greatly affect the rate of reaction. The purpose of this lab was to observe and to record the activity of the enzyme catecholase in different pH levels as well as its effectivity in different concentration levels. Hypothesis A: If pH level increases (becomes more basic), then absorbance of the enzyme catecholase will increase. Null Hypothesis A: If pH levels increase, then absorbance of the enzyme catecholase will decrease. Hypothesis B: If the concentration of potato juice in an area increases and phosphate buffer decreases, then absorbance will increase. Null Hypothesis B: If the concentration of phosphate buffer in an area increases and potato juice decreases, then absorbance will increase. Materials and Methods Exercise A:Laboratory number two was used as a reference for using the spectrophotometer. The wavelength of the spectrophotometer was set to 420 nm. Five test tube blanks were prepared, each containing 9mL of a different pH buffer, 1mL of potato juice, and 1mL of water. http://www.accessscience.com

Free Essays on Requirement Of Seatbelts

Natural laws should be passed in all states that require all automotive vehicles to wear seatbelts. Since the United States has one of the lowest seatbelt usage percentages, the United States has one of the highest death tolls in automobile accidents, yet since 1983, the wearing of seatbelts has reduced deaths by an approximate 50,000 people (www.thinkseatbelts.com). The definition of a natural law, stated in West’s Business Law Text and Cases are â€Å"moral and ethical principles that are inherent in human nature and people can discover through†¦natural intelligence, or reason† (Clarkson,Miller,Jentz&Cross p. 2). This definition states exactly that because of the facts that we know today about wearing seat belts, it should be a law. There has always been the argument of whether or not seat belts should be required to wear. There are still to this day, many people that say, â€Å"The seat belt can’t save my life†, or â€Å"I’m only driving for less than 5 minutes†. Those are indeed some people’s opinions, but the fact is that those five minutes could cost you your life. Although there would always be people that were against seat belts, it is for the good of the society that they should be required. There are many reasons that seat belts should be required to wear. Seat belts are your best protection in a crash. They are designed so that the strongest area of your body absorbs the forces in a crash. They also keep you in place so that your head, face and chest are less likely to strike the windshield, dashboard, other vehicle interiors or other passengers. They also keep you from being thrown out of a vehicle (www.carsp.ca). Another reason that there should be natural laws for wearing seat belts is because â€Å"Based on the calculations, researchers estimated that 12,178 people died from 1995 through 2002 because states failed to put in place primary seat belt laws† (www.cbsnews.com). For example, of those over 12,000 peop... Free Essays on Requirement Of Seatbelts Free Essays on Requirement Of Seatbelts Natural laws should be passed in all states that require all automotive vehicles to wear seatbelts. Since the United States has one of the lowest seatbelt usage percentages, the United States has one of the highest death tolls in automobile accidents, yet since 1983, the wearing of seatbelts has reduced deaths by an approximate 50,000 people (www.thinkseatbelts.com). The definition of a natural law, stated in West’s Business Law Text and Cases are â€Å"moral and ethical principles that are inherent in human nature and people can discover through†¦natural intelligence, or reason† (Clarkson,Miller,Jentz&Cross p. 2). This definition states exactly that because of the facts that we know today about wearing seat belts, it should be a law. There has always been the argument of whether or not seat belts should be required to wear. There are still to this day, many people that say, â€Å"The seat belt can’t save my life†, or â€Å"I’m only driving for less than 5 minutes†. Those are indeed some people’s opinions, but the fact is that those five minutes could cost you your life. Although there would always be people that were against seat belts, it is for the good of the society that they should be required. There are many reasons that seat belts should be required to wear. Seat belts are your best protection in a crash. They are designed so that the strongest area of your body absorbs the forces in a crash. They also keep you in place so that your head, face and chest are less likely to strike the windshield, dashboard, other vehicle interiors or other passengers. They also keep you from being thrown out of a vehicle (www.carsp.ca). Another reason that there should be natural laws for wearing seat belts is because â€Å"Based on the calculations, researchers estimated that 12,178 people died from 1995 through 2002 because states failed to put in place primary seat belt laws† (www.cbsnews.com). For example, of those over 12,000 peop...

Calibration of Glassware Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Calibration of Glassware - Lab Report Example Get rid of all the water in the canonical flask. All the other volumes of water marks in canonical flask will be measured by the balances that read to  ±0.0001 g for this experiment. The only exception will be the calibration of 100 mL volumetric flask mark. For that mark, one should use the balances that read to  ±0.001 g because they can handle heavier weights. The estimated uncertainties are weight of water, error in sighting the level of the water, density of water and error in temperature reading. So as to avoid introducing random and systematic errors in measurements, it is essential to calibrate them. Volumetric glassware is manufactured to specific standards, but it is not all identical and the manufacturing tolerances are not as strict as you may require for certain Lab measurements. Indeed, small variations often occur from one piece of glassware to the next. It is possible to correct for systematic errors in the calibration markings, and such corrections are necessary for the most accurate analytical work. Volumetric measurements are affected by two main systematic errors; parallax and temperature. The volume that a certain liquid occupies varies with temperature. Even the volume of the apparatus holding the liquid is also affected by the temperature. 21 degrees Celsius has been taken as normal room temperature for calibration. This table contains as many as 50 trials in order to get more reliable estimation of the measurement uncertainties. The data value was arrived at by conducting a minimum of three trials to obtain a suitable calibration. All the findings were recorded in the format above. To improve on proper measurement of volumes, manual calibration of apparatus should be done regularly. To also improve on their performance, volumetric flasks, which are usually colorless, they might be amber-colored so as to handle most light-sensitive